Letters
| Arabian |
|
Latin |
|
| ا |
أَلِف |
’ a |
‘alif |
| ب |
بَاء |
b |
bā’ |
| ج |
جِيم |
j |
jīm |
| د |
دَال |
d |
dāl |
| ذ |
|
dh |
|
| ه |
هَاء |
h |
hā' |
| و |
وَاو |
w u |
wāw |
| ز |
زَاي |
z |
zāy |
| ح |
خَاء |
h |
hā' |
| خ |
|
kh |
|
| ط |
طَاء |
t |
tād |
| ظ |
|
z |
|
| ي |
يَاء |
y i |
yā' |
| ك |
كَاف |
k |
kāf |
| ل |
لَام |
l |
lām |
| م |
مِيم |
m |
mīm |
| ن |
نُون |
n |
nūn |
| س |
سِين |
s |
sīn |
| ع |
عَيْن |
' |
‘ayn |
| غ |
|
gh |
|
| ف |
فَاء |
f |
fā’ |
| ص |
صَاد |
s |
sād |
| ض |
|
d |
|
| ق |
قَاف |
q |
qāf |
| ر |
رَاء |
r |
rā' |
| ش |
شِين |
š |
šīm |
| ث |
ثَاء |
th |
thā' |
| ت |
|
t |
|
Further, there are these vowel marks:
| Arabian |
Latin |
| ـَ |
a |
| ـَا |
ā |
| ـِ |
e |
| ـِي |
ī |
| ـُ |
o |
| ـُو |
ū |
| ـَي |
ay |
| ـَو |
aw |
| ـً |
an |
| ـٍ |
in |
| ـٌ |
un |
And this modifier mark:
| Mark |
Name |
Latin |
| ء |
هَمْزَة |
hamzah |
Pronunciation
| Letter |
Sound |
| ا ع ء |
|
| ب |
b |
| ج |
gi |
| د |
d |
| ذ |
ð |
| ه ح خ |
h |
| و |
u |
| ز |
z |
| ط |
t |
| ظ |
ds |
| ي |
i |
| ك ق |
c |
| ل |
l |
| م |
m |
| ن |
n |
| س |
s |
| غ |
g |
| ف |
f |
| ص |
s |
| ض |
sz |
| ر |
r |
| ش |
ci |
| ت |
t |
| ث |
th |
| ـَ ـِ |
e |
| ـَا |
a |
| ـِي |
i |
| ـُ |
o |
| ـُو |
u |
| ـَي |
ai |
| ـَو |
au |
| ـً |
an |
| ـٍ |
in |
| ـٌ |
un |
Hebrew, Syrian, & Parthian
| Hebrew |
Assyrian |
Syrian |
Parthian |
Arabian |
Latin |
| ࠀ |
א |
ܐ |
𐬀 |
ا |
a |
| ࠁ |
ב |
ܒ |
𐬠 |
ب |
b |
| ࠂ |
ג |
ܓ |
𐬔 |
ج |
g |
| ࠃ |
ד |
ܕ |
𐬛 |
د |
d |
| ࠄ |
ה |
ܗ |
𐬆 |
ه |
e |
| ࠅ |
ו |
ܘ |
𐬭 |
و |
u |
| ࠆ |
ז |
ܙ |
𐬰 |
ز |
z |
| ࠇ |
ח |
ܚ |
𐬈 |
ح |
h |
| ࠈ |
ט |
ܛ |
𐬚 |
ط |
th |
| ࠉ |
י |
ܝ |
𐬌 |
ي |
i |
| ࠊ |
כ |
ܟ |
𐬑 |
ك |
c ch |
| ࠋ |
ל |
ܠ |
𐬮 |
ل |
l |
| ࠌ |
מ |
ܡ |
𐬨 |
م |
m |
| ࠍ |
נ |
ܢ |
𐬥 |
ن |
n |
| ࠎ |
ס |
ܣ |
𐬯 |
س |
s |
| ࠏ |
ע |
ܥ |
𐬭 |
ع |
o |
| ࠐ |
פ |
ܦ |
𐬞 |
ف |
p ph |
| ࠑ |
צ |
ܨ |
𐬱 |
ص |
s |
| ࠒ |
ק |
ܩ |
𐬨 |
ق |
q |
| ࠓ |
ר |
ܪ |
𐬭 |
ر |
r |
| ࠔ |
ש |
ܫ |
𐬗 |
ش |
š |
| ࠕ |
ת |
ܬ |
𐬙 |
ت |
t |
Certian Arabian letters are derived from others:
| Letter |
Derivation |
| ا |
ء |
| د |
ذ |
| ح |
خ |
| ط |
ظ |
| ص |
ض |
| ع |
غ |
| ت |
ث |
Certain Assyrian letters have terminal forms:
| Letter |
Termination |
| כ |
ך |
| מ |
ם |
| נ |
ן |
| פ |
ף |
| צ |
ץ |
Certian Parthian letters are derived from others:
| Letter |
Derivation |
| 𐬀 |
𐬁 𐬂 𐬃 𐬄 𐬅 𐬧 𐬊 𐬋 |
| 𐬠 |
𐬡 |
| 𐬔 |
𐬕 𐬐 𐬖 |
| 𐬆 |
𐬇 𐬢 𐬤 |
| 𐬭 |
𐬎 𐬏 |
| 𐬈 |
𐬉 𐬣 |
| 𐬚 |
𐬜 |
| 𐬌 |
𐬍 𐬪 𐬬 |
| 𐬑 |
𐬒 𐬓 𐬵 |
| 𐬨 |
𐬩 |
| 𐬥 |
𐬦 |
| 𐬞 |
𐬟 |
| 𐬱 |
𐬲 𐬳 𐬴 |
| 𐬗 |
𐬘 |
| 𐬙 |
𐬝 |
Calendar
The months of the Syrian calendar:
| Name |
Translation |
Month |
| ܐܕܪ |
adar |
March |
| ܢܝܣܢ |
nisan |
April |
| ܐܝܪ |
aiar |
May |
| ܚܙܝܪܢ |
chziran |
June |
| ܬܡܘܙ |
tammuz |
July |
| ܐܒ |
ab |
August |
| ܐܝܠܘܠ |
ilul |
September |
| ܬܫܪܝܢ ܐ |
tesrin a |
October |
| ܬܫܪܝܢ ܒ |
tesrin b |
November |
| ܟܢܘܢ ܐ |
canan a |
December |
| ܟܢܘܢ ܒ |
canan b |
January |
| ܫܒܛ |
sbat |
February |
Persian
The Persians adopted the Arabian alphabet, but added these letters:
| Letter |
Latin |
| پ |
p |
| چ |
č |
| ژ |
ž |
| گ |
g |
| ڤ |
v |
These are pronounced so:
| Letter |
Sound |
| پ |
p |
| چ |
tci |
| ژ |
gi |
| گ |
g |
| ڤ |
v |
Further, Persians pronounce these letters differently from Arabians:
| Letter |
Arabian |
Persian |
| ث |
th |
s |
| ذ |
ð |
z |
| ض |
d |
z |
| ظ |
ð |
z |
Parthian