Greek

Letters

• The letters ε & υ were in prior times called εἶ & ὑ. The word simple (psilón) was appended to their names to distinguish them from the complex sounds αι & οι.
• The letters ο & ω were præviously called οὖ & ὦ. The words lesser (micrón) & greater (méga) were appended to their names to distinguish them from each other.
• The letter σ was also called sán.
• It should be known that the use of the macron above e & o for η & ω is a not an ancient but rather contemporary practice.

There are three additional letters only used now as numerals:

Further, the following digraphs are translated thus:

• When translating names from Greek to Latin, -os is translated as -us, -ia as -y, -ion as -ium, -ros as -er, & -ōn as -o.
• When translating certain sounds to Greek which it naturally doesn’t have, put τζ for gi, & τσ or σχ for ci.

Ligatures

More which have not digital characters yet:

Pronunciation

The letters αυ & ευ are pronounced af & ef before a mute—e.g θ, τ—but áv & ev before a semivowel or vowel—e.g. β, α.

The pairs of letters γγ, γκ, γξ, γχ are pronounced g, or c, or cs, or h, if at the beginning of a word.

If the terminal vowel of a word is abbreviated for the initial vowel of the second word, & this vowel is aspirated, & the terminal consonant of the word which has the abbreviated vowel is κ, π, or τ, then it is transformed into a χ, φ, or θ.

Phonœcian

Ægyptian

Letters

The Ægyptians adopted Greek letters for writing, but added six letters:

For Greek, write σ for ϣ, τζ for ϫ, & τσ for ϭ.

Pronunciation

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