Greek

Letters

• The letters ε & υ were in prior times called εἶ & ὑ.
  • Simple (psilón) was appended to distinguish from complex αι & οι.
• The letters ο & ω were præviously called οὖ & ὦ.
  • Lesser & greater (micrón & méga) were appended to distinguish.
• The letter σ was also called sán.
• Like Latin, Phœnician is written for capitals.

There are three additional letters only used now as numerals:

Further, the following digraphs are translated thus:

• When translating from Greek to Latin names:
  • -os is translated as -us.
  • -ia is translated as -y.
  • -ion is translated as -ium.
  • -ros is translated as -er.
  • -ōn is translated as -o.

Ligatures

More which have not digital characters yet:

Pronunciation

The letters αυ & ευ are pronounced af & ef before a mute—e.g θ, τ—but av & ev before a semivowel or vowel—e.g. β, α.

The pairs of letters γγ, γκ, γξ, γχ are pronounced g, or c, or cs, or h, if at the beginning of a word.

If the terminal vowel of a word is abbreviated for the initial vowel of the second word, & this vowel is aspirated, & the terminal consonant of the word which has the abbreviated vowel is κ, π, or τ, then it is transformed into a χ, φ, or θ.

Punctuation

Derivations

• In Latin, these capitals are more cursive or otherwise variant:
  • C for Γ.
  • D for Δ.
  • L for Λ.
  • X for Ξ.
  • P for Π.
  • R for Ρ.
  • S for Σ.
• The Latin G is a ligature of CΓ.

Ægyptian

The Ægyptians adopted Greek letters for writing, but added six letters:

• For Greek:
  • Write σχ for ϣ.
  • Write τζ for ϫ.
  • Write τσ for ϭ.

The pronounciation of each:

Gothic

From certain runes others were derived:

Further, the name of each rune are:

• Additional glosses:
  • ᚩ: Iupiter
  • ᚳ: pinus, tæda
  • ᚳ: flagella
  • ᛏ: honor, Mars
  • ᛚ: lacus