Politics

Republic

The emperor is elected by the army & voted in by the senate, & thus hailed as Augustus. The emperor would appoint his heir as co-emperor, so this is only occurs when there is no emperor, or when a man seeks to usurp power.

The emperor is the living law (nómos émpsychos), benefactor (euergétis), caretaker (philanthrōpía), & saviour (sōtḗr) of his subjects (párœcos). The entire country & all that which is found in it is his household (œcuménē), & he is the house-lawmaker (œconómos). His subjects are able to own industry, trade, & otherwise do anything else in the republic by virtue of the emperor’s authority. So it is impossible to, e.g., bribe him, because he owns all of the money—bearing either his name & face, or that of his father—which he can then take at will.

The senate is seated by some thousand members, all of which are dignitaries & administrators. To be in the senate is to be, & have one’s relatives by extension be, noble—i.e. not plebeian.

The empire is composed of diœceses (diœ́cēsis), which in turn are composed of provinces (théma, eparchía). Provinces are jurisdictions of & around cities, ruled by the governor. The prefect—or duke, or captain—then rules over the governors. Of course, the emperor rules over the prefects.

Many later governments, such as of Russia, were originally structured like a lesser Roman principality. So their princes or kings were never elected but, rather, like the senate, followed the order & precedence of noble houses.

Kingdoms

According to Christians, the first kingdom upon the earth after the deluge was of Nebrod. Before him, the whole world was ruled by Noe, then his son Sem, then after him Arphaxad.

Nebrod founded four cities in Senaar (i.e. Mesopotamia): Babylon, Orech, Archad (i.e. Nisibis), & Chalanne (i.e. Ctesiphon). Ur (i.e. Camarina)—where some say Abraham was born—was located south of Orech.

According to Leptogenesis, the tower at Babel was in height five-thousand & thirty-three cubits & two palms (8,150 ft., or 1 3/5 mi.), in width thirteen stadia (7,800 ft., or 1 1/2 mi.), & built during forty-three years. According to Flavius Joseph, it was built of burnt brick, cemented together with mortar made of bitumen.

Babylonia

Babylonian

Beginning from the Tower at Babel:

Arabian

Assyrian

Medæn

Chaldæan

Nerigolosor was overthrown by Nabonnedus Assureus (Darius Astyages), the Mede, who ruled until 4959 AM, when the Persian king Cyrus conquered Babylon.

Ægypt

Beginning from the Tower at Babel:

The Babylonian king Nabuchodonosor defeated Nechao & subjugated Ægypt. But it was the Persian king Cambyses who overthrew Amosis & conquered Ægypt.

Beginning from the second year of the Persian king Darius Nothus, the Ægyptians revolted:

According to Callisthenes, Nectanebo fled Ægypt to Macedon where he secretly sired Alexander the Great.

Israel

Judges

Beginning from the Israelites entrance into Palestine:

Kings

…

The Hebrews were a nation from Abraham, himself being of the Chaldæans. Their name means “to cross,” in reference to when he crossed the river Euphrates out of the Chaldæes into Chanaan. They were then divided into twelve tribes according to the children of Israel (Jacob).

According to Christians, the Hebrews were given over to annihilation by God (cf. Dan. 9:26) in 5579 AM under the Roman emperor Titus. This prophecized event, unlike the Ægyptian servitude (cf. Gen. 15:13) or the Assyrian exile (cf. Esa. 39:6-7, Jer. 25:11-12), has no term given. Eusebius Pamphilius tells us of how they were destroyed:

Titus beseiged the Jews, devastated Jerusalem, & killed sixty thousand men. [Flavius] Joseph also says one million & one hundred thousands perished by famine & the sword, but another thirty thousands of the captives were sold off. He states the feast of Passover was responsible for the great number of people which happened to be at the city. During the festival, the whole nation had come together & were hemmed into the city as if they were in a prison. For it was necessary that those who had plotted against the Saviour during the days of Passover should suffer punishment for what they had dared at no other time but then.

Persia

Achmæmenid

The Persians were denomiated by the son of Perseus, Perses, whom they called Achæmenes, the father of Teïspes the father of Cyrus. So then Cyrus, son also of a Medæan woman, conquered Ælam, which neighboured Persia proper at that time. Whence the Ælamites were assimilated by the Persians, i.e. Arians.

Beginning from Cyrus’ conquest of Babylon:

The Greek king Alexander conquered Persepolis & overthrew Darius (son of Aramus).

The later Parthians began with Arsaces (5442 AM), descendent of Artaxerxes Mnemon, & ended with Artabanus (5733 AM), when he fell to the Persian Artaxares, son of Sasanus.

The later Persians, also called the Sasanians, began with Artaxares (5756 AM), son of Sasanus, & ended with Hormisdas (6782 AM), when he fell to the Hagarene Umar.

Panodorus of Alexandria, whose chronology the whole world uses, counts the reign of the Persian king Cyrus as nine years longer than the renowned George Syncellus. Therefore, for any given date by Syncellus after Cyrus, add nine years.

Greece

Sicyonian

Beginning from Nachor’s seventy sixth year:

After Zeuxippus, the priests of Carnius ruled the Sicyonians, until 4238 AM.

Achæa

Beginning from the Assyrian king Bascheleus’ third year:

In the reign of Apis, the Flood of Ogygus occured:

We say therefore on the authority of our own narrative that Ogygus, the namesake of the first flood, after having survived when many others perished, was contemporary with the people’s Exodus from Ægypt with Moses. … But after Ogygus, because of the great destruction wrought by the flood, what is now Attica remained without a king for one-hundred & eighty-nine years up to the time of Cecrops. Now Philochorus says that Actæus, who came after Ogygus, or any other fictitiously named persons did not even exist.

The flood at the time of Ogygus, reported by the Greeks as an event of the most remote antiquity, occurred in Acte (now Attica) at this time [3808 AM]. There are varying accounts of it, some saying that it occurred during the reign of Phoroneus, others during the reign of Apis. Likewise, there are thus also differing accounts of the journey from Ægypt, which occurred at the same time as the flood of Ogygus. In agreement with them on this dating are [Flavius] Josephus & Justus, Judæan historians, & those of our doctrine: Clement the author of the Stromata, as well as Tatian & Africanus.

The Ægyptian king Danaus (Armæus), when overthrown by his brother Ægypticus, fled to Greece & overthrew Sthenelus.

Thence the Achæans were called Danaans, e.g. by Virgil. But previously the were called the Argives, after Argus, & after both of these, the Pelopennese after Pelops.

After Orestes, the sons of Hyllus, son of Hercules—also called the Dorians—conquered the Peloponnese.

Lacedæmonian

Athenians

Cecrops’ depiction as half-man & half-serpent, according to some, signify being of two tongues, i.e. Greek & Ægyptian.

After the kings, the archons follow:

…

Macedonian

After Philip II, Alexander the Great became king of Macedon & conquered the world.

Alexandrian

Beginning from Alexander’s conquest of Babylon:

The Roman dictator Julius Cæsar subjugated Alexandria to Rome, but it was Cæsar Augustus who overthrew Cleopatra & conquered Alexandria.

As for the other partitions of Alexander’s empire:

The Macedonian dynasty began with Arrhidæus (5187 AM), & ended with Perseus (5343 AM), when he fell to the Roman consul Æmilius Marcus.

The Asian dynasty began with Antigonus (5198 AM), & ended with Demetrius Poliorcetes (5217 AM), when he fell to Seleucus Nicanor.

The Antiochian dynasty, also called the Seleucidæ, began with Seleucus Nicanor (5213 AM), & ended with Antiochus Cyzicenus (5395 AM), when he fell to the Roman consul Pompey the Great.

Roman

Latin

Beginning from the conquest of Troy:

Roman

Tullus Hostilius was the first to don the purple mantle & hold a royal sceptre.

Consuls

…

Julian

Cæsar Augustus was the first to be called emperor.

Flavian

Nervan

Non-dynastic:

Severan

Non-dynastic:

Constantinian

Non-dynastic:

Only the gentiles remember Julian the Apostate (5871 AM) as an emperor. Christians omit his name.

Valentinian

Theodosian

Leonid

During the reign of Zeno, Odoacer the Gothic ruler deposed the western emperor Momylus Augustulus, whose imperial insignia was sent to Zeno, with the consent of the remaining senate at Old Rome.

When St. Constantine the Great built New Rome, he moved the senate to it, as part of them already lived east, but some remained in the west. After the death of Romulus Augustulus, those who previously remained migrated to New Rome, & the office was thereafter abolished by St. Justinian the Great.

Justinian

Non-dynastic:

Heraclian

Non-dynastic:

Syrian

Nicephorian

Non-dynastic:

Phrygian

Macedonian

Non-dynastic:

Ducan

Comnenian

Angelian

Lascarian

Palæologan

The Turcian ruler Mohamet II overthrew Constantine Dragases Palæologus & took New Rome, but the senate fled to the Russian prince John the Great.

The last place the Palæologan state ruled after New Rome was a principality in Mangup, Crimea. It was a remnant of the despotat of Trapezunt, which in turn was ruled by a branch of the Comnenian dynasty. The last ruler of Trapezunt was St. David Comnenus (†6972 AM). The last ruler of Theodoro was an Alexander Palæologus, son of Isaac Palæologus (†6984 AM).

Russia

Grand Princes

Beginning from Emperor Michael Methysus’ fourth year:

Rorich was invited by the Antes at Novogardia. Oleg the Wise, his son, was the first to rule from Kiovia. St. Daniel of Moscovia was the first to rule from Moscovia.

Emperors

Non-dynastic:

It needs be said John the Terrible was not the first to take the name emperor, but only the first explicitly crowned so. John the Great took the name emperor when he married Sophia Palæologue—daughter of Thomas Palæologus, brother of Constantine Dragases Palæologus. Prior, St. Bolodimerus the Great, married Anna, daughter of Romanus II.

Thus according to Christians, Moscow is the heir to the mantle (chlamýs) of St. Constantine. This is signified by the crown of Monomachus, which was given to St. Bolodimerus Monomachus by Constantine Monomachus when the former wedded a relative of the latter.

It was Basil (Barlaam in monasticism) who was told by Philotheus of Pskov (†7051 AM):

Two Romes have fallen. The third stands. And there will not be a fourth. No one will replace your Christian empire!

Romanov

After St. Nicholas Romanov the Passion-bearer, Russia was subjected to the Bolshevik yoke until 7500 AM.

Presidents

According to Christians, the Mother of God revealed an icon of her enthroned to Eudocia of Kolomenskoe, which is interpreted as meaning the Mother of God is reigning as empress. Theophan of Poltava (†7448 AM)—who was the father-confessor of St. Nicholas the Passion-bearer—said:

The people themselves will restore the Orthodox monarchy. A mighty emperor will be placed upon the throne by God Himself. … He will be of the Romanov dynasty, through the maternal line.

Nations

The nation (éthnos) is a union of tribes (phylḗ), also called stock, which in turn is of families (génos), also called clans. The national union is properly & strictly of language (glō̂ssa). The union of stock & families are ancestral, not barring adoption. Therefore bodily features are accidental to nationality.

The natio of nation is in reference to the language of one’s natus, but in Greek these words (phylḗ, phýō) are used for hereditary tribes instead, but again, in our language tribus strictly means a part of the nation. The éthō of éthnos is in our language mos.

It needs must be stated the purpose of the following project: Enumerate all the nations as defined, i.e. according to the number of the sons of Noe. Since the time of the tower at Babel many nations have ceased to exist, being assimilated by others, & still many more have become, insofar as dialects of language become mutually unintelligible.

Presented are five columns:
I. The son of Noe.

II. The nation identified by the Hierosolymite Targum.

III. The nation identified by St. Hippolytus of Rome, drawing from Leptogenesis, amended by George Syncellus & St. Theophanes the Confessor.

IV. The nation identified by Flavius Joseph, amended by SS. Jerome & Isidore of Seville.

V. The contemporaneous nation which I identify them as, which may or may not follow the ancients.

For Academic linguistics, see the linguistics page.

Japheth

Patriarch Targum Hippolytus Josephus Nation
Gamer Galatians id. id. 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 Celts
↪ Aschanaz Asians (Asia Minor) Sarmatians id. 🇩🇪 Germans
↪ Riphath Parthians Sauromatians Paphlagonians 🇷🇺 Balto-Slavs
↪ Thorgama Armenians id. id. 🇦🇲 Armenians
Magog Germans Galatians Scythians 🇹🇷 Ural-Altaïc
Madœ Medes id. id. 🇮🇷 Indo-Iranians
Jovan Greeks id. id. 🇬🇷 Greeks
↪ Elisa Sicilians (Æolians) id. id. (🇮🇹 Siculian)
↪ Tharsis Tyrrhenians (Pelasgians) id. id. (🇪🇸 Tyrrhenians)
↪ Cetian Latins (Cyprians) id. id. 🇮🇹 Latins
↪ Rhodian Rhodians id. id. (🇹🇷 Anatolians)
Thobel Iberians id. id. 🇬🇪 Ibero-Caucasians
Mosoch Illyrians id. id. 🇦🇱 Albanians
Thiras Thracians id. id. (🇧🇬 Thracians)

Cham

Patriarch Targum Hippolytus Josephus Nation
Chus Æthiopians id. id. 🇪🇹 Æthiopians
↪ Saba Syeneans Sabæans id. 🇸🇩 Nubians
↪ Evila Indians (Africa) ─── Getulians 🇸🇴 Somalians
↪ Sabatha “Lembritæ” ─── Astaborans (🇪🇹 Astaborans)
↪ Rhegma Libyans (Byzacium) “Ichthyophagi” Rhegmæans
↪ ↪ Saba “Mons Smaragdus” “Marmaricans” Sabæans
↪ ↪ Dadan Mazices Judadæans / Western Æthiopians id.
↪ Sabathaca Azanians id. id. 🇨🇬 Congolese
Mesraïn Ægpytians id. id. (🇪🇬 Copts)
↪ Ludiim ─── Lydians ───
↪ Nephthalim ─── Phrygians ───
↪ Enemetiim ─── Pamphylians ───
↪ Labiim ─── Libyans ───
↪ Patrosoniim ─── Lycians / Cretans ───
↪ Chasmoniim ─── Palæstinians id. (🇵🇸 Palæstinians)
↪ Gaphthoriim ─── Cilicians ───
Phud Libyans (Marmarica) Troglodytes Libyans 🇲🇦 Berbers
Chanaan Phœnicians id. id. (🇹🇳 Punes)
↪ Sidon Sidonians id. id. (🇸🇾 Phœnicians)
↪ Chettite ─── ─── ─── (🇵🇸 Chettites)
↪ Jebusite ─── ─── ─── (🇵🇸 Jebusites)
↪ Amorite ─── ─── ─── (🇵🇸 Amorites)
↪ Girgasite ─── ─── ─── (🇵🇸 Girgasites)
↪ Evite ─── ─── ─── (🇵🇸 Evites)
↪ Arucite ─── Tripolites id. (🇸🇾 Arucites)
↪ Asennite ─── “Orthosiastæ” ─── (🇸🇾 Asennites)
↪ Aradian ─── Aradians id. (🇸🇾 Aradians)
↪ Samaræan ─── Samaritans ─── (🇸🇾 Samaræans)
↪ Amathite ─── Amathites id. (🇸🇾 Amathites)

Sem

Patriarch Antiquity Nation
Ælam Ælamites (🇮🇷 Ælamites)
Assur Assyrians (🇮🇶 Assyrians)
Arphaxad Chaldæans (🇮🇶 Chaldæans)
↪ Cainan “Sarmatians” (East) / “Gaspheni”
↪ ↪ Sala “Cossæans”
↪ ↪ ↪ Eber Hebrews (🇸🇾 Hebrews)
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Jectan “Midianites” 🇯🇴 Arabs
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Elmodad Indians
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Saleth Bactrians
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Sarmoth Arabians
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Jarach Carmanians
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Hodorrha Mardi
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Æbel Arians
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Decla Gedrosians
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Eval Scythians
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Abimael Hyrcanians
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Saba “Alamosinœ” / Arabs (“India”)
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Huphir “Homerites”
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Evila Gymnosophists
↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ ↪ Jobab ───
Lud Lydians (🇹🇷 Lydians)
Aram Aramæans 🇮🇶 Assyrians
↪ Uz Trachonites (🇸🇾 Hurrians)
↪ Ul “Magardi” / “Armenians” (🇦🇲 Urartians)
↪ Gater “Armenians” / “Bactrians”
↪ Mosoch Mesanæans

Countries

Before the Flood, men dwelt between the Ocean & Paradise: the children of Cain in a country called Od—which means trembling—but the children of Seth in a higher region, having been commanded by Adam not to mingle with Cain. The countries in which we now inhabit were previously uninhabited.

But among the gentiles, the Assyrians & Ægyptians say their countries were inhabited before the Flood.

Europe

Country State
Britannia 🇬🇧 Britain
Hispania 🇪🇸 Spain
Gallia 🇫🇷 France
Germania Inferior 🇳🇱 Netherlands
Germania Superior 🇩🇪 Germany
Helvetia 🇨🇭 Switzerland
Italia 🇮🇹 Italy
Noricum 🇦🇹 Austria
Pannonia 🇭🇺 Hungary
Scandza 🇸🇪 Sweden
Sclavenia 🇸🇰 Slovakia
Sarmatia 🇷🇺 Russia
Dacia 🇷🇴 Romania
Illyricum 🇷🇸 Serbia
Thracia 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
Macedonia 🇬🇷 Greece

Africa

Country State
Mauretania 🇩🇿 Algeria
Zeugitana 🇹🇳 Tunisia
Libya 🇱🇾 Libya
Ægyptus 🇪🇬 Ægypt
Æthiopia 🇪🇹 Æthiopia
Azania 🇨🇬 Congo
─── 🇿🇦 South Africa

Asia

Country State
Anatolia 🇹🇷 Turkey
Sarmatia Asiatica 🇷🇺 Russia
Iberia 🇬🇪 Georgia
Armenia 🇦🇲 Armenia
Cyprus 🇨🇾 Cyprus
Syria 🇸🇾 Syria
Arabia Petræa 🇯🇴 Jordan
Arabia Deserta 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
Arabia Felix 🇾🇪 Yemen, 🇴🇲 Oman
Mesopotamia 🇮🇶 Iraq
Persia 🇮🇷 Iran
Serica 🇨🇳 China
India Intra Gangem 🇮🇳 India
India Extra Gangem 🇧🇩 Bengal
Taprobane 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
Chersonesus Aurea 🇲🇾 Malaysia, 🇹🇭 Thailand

The modern Persian province & its corespondent ancient satrapy:

Satrapy Province
Media 🇮🇷 Hamadan
Susiana 🇮🇷 Khuzestan
Persis 🇮🇷 Fars
Parthia 🇮🇷 Khorasan
Carmania 🇮🇷 Kerman
Hyrcania 🇮🇷 Golestan
Margiana [🇹🇲 Turkmenistan]
Bactriana [🇦🇫 Afghanistan]
Sogdiana [🇹🇯 Tajikistan]
Chorasmia [🇹🇲 Turkmenistan]
Ariana [🇦🇫 Afghanistan]
Paropamisus [🇦🇫 Afghanistan]
Drangiana 🇮🇷 Sistan
Arachosia 🇮🇷 Kandahar
Gedrosia 🇮🇷 Baluchestan

Chronicle

Years

Event Year
Genesis 1 AM
Flood of Noe 2242 AM
Tower at Babel 2776 AM
Flood of Ogygus 3756 AM
Hebrew Exodus 3817 AM
Flood of Deucalion 4038 AM
Sack of Troy 4330 AM
Temple of Solomon 4478 AM
First Olympic Games 4733 AM
Foundation of Rome 4752 AM
Hebrew Exile 4895 AM
Advent of the Lord 5509 AM

(Universal history in bold.)

Calendar Eras

Era Origin Year
Anno Mundi Genesis 1 AM
Anno Domini Advent of the Lord 5509 AM
Anno Martyrum Reign of Diocletian 5794 AM
Anno Græcorum Reign of Antigonus 5180 AM
Anno Urbis Conditæ Foundation of Rome 4756 AM
Olympiad Olympic Games 4733 AM

Traditionally, particular years were told in relation to a ruler or event. Christians count from the genesis of creation, except for the Alexandrians, which count from Diocletian’s persecution, & the Latins, which count from the Advent of the Lord.

Wonders

The Hanging Gardens are also called the Walls of Babylon. It was built during the reign of the Babylonian king Nabuchodonosor.

The Pyramid was built during the reign of the Memphis king Suphis (3103 AM), but Herodotus says Cheops.

Money

Roman Greek Persian
Nummus = 1 nummus Drachma = 1 drachma ───
Follis = 40 nummi Mina = 100 drachmæ Siglus = 1 siglus
Solidus = 420 folles Talent = 60 minæ Daric = 20 sigli
Russian British
Kopeck = 1 kopeck Penny = 1 penny
─── Shilling = 12 pence
Ruble = 100 kopecks Pound = 20 shillings

Silver coins were fist minted by Allyattes, king of Lydia. Gold coins were first minted by Cyrus, king of Persia, when he conquered Lydia.

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